Imperative

1. These are imperatives:

Go. Help. Come. Wait.

We use the imperative like this:

Come in¡ Have a cup of tea.
Turn left at the post office.
Don't touch¡ It's hot.

Note that sometimes the imperative is one word, but often give more information:

Help¡
Help me¡
Help me with my suitcase.

We can say please after an imperative to be more polite:

Help me with my suitcase, please.
Hurry up, please. We're late
Come here, please.
Listen to me, please.

2. We form the negative like this:

Don't be late
Don't forget your books¡
Don't wait for me.

We normally use the short form Don't

3. We use the imperative:

---> to give instructions:

Turn right at the corner.
Don't forget your passport

---> to give warnings:

Look out! There's a car coming.
Be careful! That box is very heavy.

---> to give advice:

Have a rest. You look tired
Take a coat. It's cold today.
Don't see that film. It's terrible!

---> to ask people to do things:

Come in please, and sit down.
Listen to this song. It's wonderful.
Pass the butter, please.

---> to make offers:

Have another orange juice.
Make yourself a cup of coffee.

---> to "wish" things:

Have a good trip!
Have a nice holiday!

Present Simple or Present Continuous

Compare the Present Simple and the Present Continuous:

1 we use the Present Simple to talk about facts (thing which are true at any time):

Anna speaks good Spanish.
Journalist write newspaper articles.
I come from Norway. (= I am Norwegian).

2 we use the Present Simple for situations that exist over a long time, and for actions that are repeated ( e.g. people's habits, or events on a timetable):

Mike works for an adversitising company.
He lives in Paris. (= His home is in Paris).

Past ----> now ----> future

He lives in Paris
<--------------------------->

Jane travels a lot in her job.
I do a lot of sport

we can use words like usually, often, every:

we usually go out to dinner at weekends
I often go to football matches on Sundays
The buses leave every hour

3 we use the Present Simple with thinking and feeling verbs ( e.g. know, forget, notice,
understand, recognise, remember, like, love, hate, want, prefer, need):

I don't know which train to catch.

4 we use have in the Present Simple to talk about possession:

I have a new car.

we use think in the Present Simple to express opinions:

I think she's interesting

we use the Present Continuous to talk about action in progress at the time of speaking:

Anna's busy. She's speaking on the phone.
what are you writting? - A letter to Jane.
Look¡ The bus is coming.

we use the Present Continuous for things that continue for a limited period of time around
now ( e.g. holidays, visits, temporary jobs, school or university courses):

Past ----> now ----> future

He's living in New York.

Jane's travelling around Europe for a month
I'm doing a one year course in tourism
we're painting that flat.

we do not usually use the Present Continuous with thinking and feeling verbs

Not: I'm knowing someone who lives in Venice

we use have and think in the Present Continuous to talk about actions:

I'm having fun
he can't come, he's having dinner at the moment.
I am thinking about my work

Present Continuous (2)

1. Look at these questions:

Are you enjoying that drink, Ann?
Is he watching tv at the moment?
Are they working hard?

2. We form Present Continuous questions like this:


Questions

Singular

Am I
Are you -------> winning?
Is she/he/it

Plural

Are we
Are you -------> winning?
Are they


3. Here are three common Present Continuous questions. They all mean ¡How are you?¡

How's it going?
How are you getting on?
How are you doing?

4. We do not usually use the Present Continuous to talk about opinions or thoughts:

I like tennis. I know your sister. ( Not I'm liking tennis. I'm knowing your sister.)

We do not usually use these verbs in the Present Continuous:

Like ----> Know ----> hate
Love ---> Understand ---> believe
Mean ---> remember ----> want

5. Think and have :

--> we cannot use think in the Present Continuous to express opinions:

I think he's nice. (Not I'm thinking he's nice.)

--> we can use think in the Present Continuous to talk about an action:

She's thinking about the film.

--> we cannot use have in the Present Continuous to talk about possessions:

I have a ticket. (Not Iam having a ticket.)

--> we can use it to talk about actions:

I'm having breakfast. He's having fun

Present Continous (1)

1.- we form the Present Continous like this:

be+ -ing form

Here are the forms of the Present Continuos:

Positive

Full Form

I am eating
You are eating
he/she/it is eating
we are eating
you are eating
they are eating

Short Form

I'm eating
You're eating
He's eating
We're eating
They're eating

Negative

Full Form

I am not eating
you are not eating
he/she/it is not eating
we are not eating
they are not eating

Short Form

I'm not eating
you aren't eating
he isn't eating
we aren't eating
you aren't eating
they aren't eating

2.- To make the -ing form, we add -ing to the verb:

listen --> listening play --> playing
work --> working read --> reading

3.- But notice irregular spellings:

win --> winning get --> getting
shop --> shopping sit --> sitting
swim --> swimming travel -->travelling
dance -->dancing write -->writting
shine -->shinning

4.-we use the Present Continuos:
--> to talk about actions and situations in progress now

eg. the bus is coming

--> to talk about action and situations in progress around now, but not exactly at the moment we speak:

eg. what are you doing these days?

A: I'm learning spanish.

Shadows in red song

I see clearly now your face
Something so pure
Something I'm sure will be lost
I'm staring at the shadows in red
Sends me chills now
I see clearly everything except your face
I'm lonely scared to be lonely
Thought until death meant
My fears were safe within now they begin
To be lonely scared of the only
Thing I knew best so I thought I knew everything
Until now I see I'm lost and lonely
Shatters everything in my head consumes me
Blinded by one thing obsessed with the need to be loved
Screams become whispers instead assuming
I know I'm losing all the things closest to me
I'm lonely scared to be lonely
Thought until death meant
My fears were safe within
Now they begin to be lonely
Scared of the only thing I knew best
So I thought I knew everything
Until now I see I'm lost and lonely
Angels swirl around me
So now I know I'm not alone
Only scared to be lonely
Thought until death meant
My fears were safe within now they begin
To be lonely scared of the only
Thing I knew best so I thought I knew everything
Until now I see I'm lost and lonely

Present Simple (2)

1.- We use the Present Simple:
--> to talk about feelings and opinions:


I like pop music. I don't like classical music.
She loves football¡
Philip wants a cup of tea, thanks.
he feels sick.

--> to talk about thoughts:

I don't think she likes her new job.
I don't know the answer.
He doesn't understand me.

2.- We form Present Simple questions like this:

Questions

Singular

Do I/you --> know?
Does he/she/it --> know?

Plural

Do we --> know?
Do you --> know?
Do they --> know?

Note thet we put do before I/you/we/they:

Do you speak Spanish?
Do you work in the town centre?
Do they know the answer?

We put does before he/she/it:

Does he walk to work?
Does Steve enjoy his job?
Does she play the piano?

Note: that we say:

Does he walk? (not Does he walks)

Present Simple (1)

1.- We form the Present Simple like this:

Positive

Singular I Know
you know
she/he/ it knows

Plural we know
you know
they know


I know the answer.
She stars work at 9.30.


* We add -s after he/she/it:

I start --> he stars I live --> She lives

* If a verb ends in -ch, -o, -sh or -ss we add -es after he/she/it:

I watch --> he watches you do --> she does
they go --> it goes we wash --> she washes

*If a verb ends in a consonant (b, c, etc.) + y (e.g. study), we use -ies after he/she/it:

I study --> he studies I fly --> it flies

2.- Now look at these examples of the negative:

I don't like that music.
He doesn't listen to his teacher

Negative

Full Form

I do not know
you do not know
he/she/it does not know
we do not know
you do not know
they do not know

Short form

I don't know
you don't know
he doesn't know
we don't know
you don't know
they don't know

* Note that we say:

He does not know. (NOT He does not knows)

3.- We use the Present Simple:

--> to talk about things that happen regurlarly:

He plays golf every day.

--> to talk about facts:

She comes from France. (= she is French)

Greengrocers sell vegetables.

I don't speak Chinese

Be: Present Simple (2)

1. We use be:

---> to talk about about how we feel:

I'm happy They're sad
we're bored she's tired
he isn't afraid they're cold

---> to greet people:

Bill: Hello. How are you?
Jane: I'm fine thanks . How are you?

---> to apologize:

I'm sorry I'm late.

---> to describe things:

It isn't expensive. It's cheap
It's an old film. It isn't very good

2. We use There + be to talk about the existence of something. There + be can be used to talk about where things are:

Singular: There's a supermarket in this street.
There is a telephone in the flat.

Plural: There are some good cafes in the centre of the town.

We also use there + be to talk about when things happen:

There is a bus to London at six o'clock
There are taxis, but there aren't any buses on Sunday.
There isn't another train to Manchester today.

3 We form questions with be in the Present Simple like this:

Questions

Singular Am I late?
Are you late?
Is he/she/it late?

Plural Are we
Are you late?
Are they

Here are some examples of questions using all the forms of be:

Am I late for the film?
Are you twenty years old?
Is he at home now?
Is she French Or ITalian?
Is it time to go home?
Are we ready to leave?
Are you both at university?
Are they in London today?