Where, when, why, how

1. Where, when, why and how are question words. We use them like this:

---> Where
We use Where to ask about places:
Where is Mike? He´s at home

---> When
We use When to ask about times and dates:
When will you phone? At six o´clock.

---> Why
We use Why to ask about the reason for something:
Why is Mary taking a taxi? Because her car isn´t working

---> How
We use how to ask "in what way?":
How did he get to Brighton? He wen by train.



We also use how to ask about people´s health or happiness:

Hello. how are you? I´m fine, thanks.


2. We form questions with where, when , why and how like this:

---> In questions with be, we put the subjects after be:

be+ subject

Why is Paul angry?
Where are they?
Why is he here?

---> In questions with an auxiliary verb (will, is, are, can, must, etc.), we put the subject after the auxiliary verb:

verb + subject + verb

Why are they leaving?
How will she get there?
When will you phone ?

--->In questions with a Present Simple or Past Simple verb, we put a form of do before the subject:

do + subject + verb

Where does she live?
Why did you phone the police?
Where did he live?

"Yes/ No" Questions

1. Here are some "yes/ no" questions:

Are you hungry?

Shall I answer the phone?

Did you enjoy the film?

We call them "yes/no" questions because the answer either "yes" or" no":

Are you hungry? Yes, I am

No, I'm not.

2. We form 'yes/ no' questions like this:

---> We put the verb be before the subject:

be + Subject

Are they busy?

Is he ready?

Was she here?

Or, we put an auxiliary verb (be, have, will, shall, can, may, etc.) before the subject:

Auxiliary + Subject + Verb

Is Mark leaving?

Have they gone?

Will they win?

Can you sing?

---> With the Present Simple verbs, we put do or does before the subject:

Do + subject + verb

Does she work in Paris?

Do they live in New York?

Do you play tennis?

Does he like ice- cream?

Note that we say:

Does she play tennis?

not (Does she plays tenis)

--->With Past Simple verbs, we put did before the subject:

Did + subject + verb

Did she visit Paris?

Did he go to Spain?

3. Here are all the forms of do questions:

Present Simple

Do I/ you/ we/ they ---> work?

Does He/ she/ it ------> work?

Past Simple

Did I/ you/ he/ she/ it/ we/ you/ they ---> work?

Word order: subject, verb, obejct

1. In English, the order of words in a statement is subject + verb+ object:

Subject + Verb + Object

I enjoy good food

Peter is watching Tv.

She drank a cup of coffee

2. Some verbs (e.g. like) always need an object:

Subject + Verb + Object

I like music

She wants a drink

3. After the verb be, we can use an object or an adjective:

She is a doctor--------> object

Mary is tired---------> adjective

We can also put adjectives after the verbs look, seem and feel.

Mary looks tired

4. now look at this example:

John gave Mary an apple.

John gave her an apple.

After some verbs (e.g. give, send, bring), we can talk about a person (Mary, her) and an object:

Verb + Person + Object

He sent Jane a book

Ann made Tom a cup of tea

Ann brought him a cup of tea.

He left them some money

She wrote him a letter

5. We usually put information about times or places at the end of the sentence:

I had a holiday in Spain----->Place

They gave their son a watch yesterday----->time

Nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.

1. Look at this

Steven bought an expensive new car on Friday

Steven--->Noun
bought --------> verb
expensive -----------> adjective
new----> adjective
car-------> noun
friday------->noun

He drove it carefully to Manchester

He, it ----> pronouns
carefully -----> adverbs
to, on -------> preposition
Manchester -----> noun

2. Nouns describe things or people or animals

Butter car woman dog problem


Some nouns (proper nouns) are the names of people, places and things. We begin proper nouns with capital letters ( A, B...):


Jane, Paris, Oxford Street, June, a Rolls- Royce, the Tower London.


3. Verbs describe actions or situations:


Work, play, live, meet, stay, see



They work hard (work= verb)


I saw Peter (Saw= verb)



4. We use auxiliary verbs (be, have, do, will, can, may, must, etc.)
before another verb:

They are working hard. (are= auxiliary)

I have seen Peter. (have = auxiliary)

I must go now. (must= auxiliary)



5. We put adjectives (e.g wonderful) before nouns:

We had a wonderful day


We can also use adjectives after the verbs be, look, seem, feel:

He's hungry She looks tired.


Sometimes we put very before adjectives:

It's very hot today.

he bought a very expensive car


6. We normally use adverbs to describe verbs:

She walked quickly. He sings well


7. We use pronouns (I, you, he, she,etc.) to replace nouns:


David has a new job.
He is enojoying it


8. We use prepositions (in, on, at, etc.) when we are talking about places and times:


Place: She's at home
It's in the box


Time: I'll see you on monday
They went on holiday in June

Future

1. We can talk about future time with different verb forms, for example:

-----> Will: I'll Come with you

-----> Be going to: he's going to come with us.

-----> Present Continuous
We're coming tomorrow.

-----> Present Simple
When he arrives, we'll have dinner.

2. When we talk about events in the future that we expect to happen but are not in our control, we can use will or be going to:

Ann will be (or is going to be) 12 next week.

We won't see (or aren't going to see) those birds again until next spring.

Will they finish (or Are they going to finish) the building soon?


3. When we talk about events in the future that are in our control (i.e. we use will defferently from be going to. We use will at the time we decide what to do; use be going to after we have decided what to do. Look at these examples:


Johnn: Can somebody help me, please?
Helen: Yes, I'll help you.
(Here Helen decided after Johnn asked.)

Now compare:

Carol: Johnn needs some help.
Helen: I know. I'm going to help him.
(Here Helen had decided before Carol spoke.)


4. Look at these examples:

If it rains, they'll stay (or they're going to stay) at home.
We'll have (or we're going to have) lunch after the programme finishes.


When the sentences has two parts that refer to the future, we use the Present Simple after the if, when, before,after,as soon as and until, and in the other part of the sentence we use will or be going to:

When/ Simple Will
after etc

After + it finishes + we'll have lunch


5. We use the Present Continuous to talk about a future arrangment that we have made with someone else:

A: Can you come and see us this evening?
B: I can't. I'm playing squash with Sam.


Peter can't come to the cinema with us tonight because he's meeting Jane for dinner.

Present tense: when, before, after, until, etc.

1. Look at this sentence:

When the programme ends, I'll do the washing- up.


To talk about an event in the future, we usually use the Present Simple (e.g. ends) after when, before, after, until and as soon as. We do not use will:

I'm going to finish this work before I go.

(Not ... before I will go)

Wait here until I get back.

I'll phone you as soon as I arrive.


2. We can use when + Present Simple to referto a time when something will happen:

I'll buy an ice - cream when I'm in the newsagent's


now -------------------------------------------------> future

in the newsagent's

buy an ice- cream


When you see her, give her my message.


We use until + Present Simple to mean from now to a time in the future:

We'll sit outside until it gets dark. ( = We'll sit outside from now to when it gets dark.)


We use as soon as + Present Simple with the meaning "inmediatly after":

They'll start playing as soon as it stops raining. (= They'll start playin inmediatly after the rain stops.)


3. We use when + Present Perfect (e.g I have done) to talk about an action that must, or will, happen before the next action can happen:

When I've found a job, I'll book for a place to live. (= First I will find a job; then i will look for a place to live.)


now ------------------------------------------------------------ future

find a job look for a flat

When Simon has saved enough money, he'll buy a car. (= First Simon must save the money; then he can buy a car.)

4. With after we can use either the Present Simple or the Present perfect with no difference in meaning:

After she takes/ has taken the course, she'll be qualified teacher. (= When she has done her course, she'll be qualified teacher.)

Present Continuous for the future

1. Look at these examples:

I'm flying home tomorrow
He's starting a new job on Monday
Tony and Ann are coming at the weekend.


In each example, we are using the Present Continouous, but we are talking about the future, not the present.

2. Look at this example:

You bought a plane ticket last week.
You can now say:

I'm flying home next week.

past -------> now ------->future
last week next week


We use the Present Continuous to talk about things we have arranged in the past to do in the future.

Here are some more examples:

A bank wrote to Steven and asked hin to start work next week.
We can now say:

He's starting a new job next week.


John said Tony and Ann:

Would you like to come for dinner on Sunday?

Tony and Ann said: Yes
John now says:

Tony and Ann are coming on Sunday.


3. The important part of a Present Continuous for the future sentence is iften a time or day (e.g. next week, in july, tomorrow, on Sunday):


PRESENT: I'm leaving now.
FUTURE: I'm leaving tomorrow
PRESENT: We're having a party at the moment. Can I phone you tomorrow?
FUTURE: We're having a party in July.



4. We do not use the Present Continuous for future events that we cannot arrange or have not arranged:

NOT the sun is shinning tomorrow.
(The sun will shine...)

NOT The irish team are winning next week.
( The Irish team will win next week.)