Present Perfect 1

1.-we form the Present Perfect using the present tense of have + a participle:

Positive

Full Form

I/you have arrived
He/she/it has arrived
we/you/they have arrived

Short Form

I've arrived
he's arrived
we've arrived


Negative

Full Form

I/you have not arrived
he/she/it has not arrived
we/you/they have not arrived

Short Form

I /you haven't
she/he/it hasn't
we/you/they haven't

Questionns

Have I/you arrived?
Has he/she/it arrived?
Have we/you/they arrived?


2.-Regular past participles ending ed or d:

Many past participles are irregular:

Buy ---> bought go ---> gone
make ---> made

3.- we use the Present Perfect:


---> to talk about recent actions:


At 18.00, Anne arrived home
At 18.01, we can say:

Anne has arrived home.



From 18.30 to 19.00. Anne ate her dinner.
At 19.01, we can say:

She's eaten her dinner

---> to talk about our lives:


I've sailed across the atlantic.



I've seen gorillaz in Africa.
I haven't danced the Flamenco.




4.- when we ask people about their lives, we often use ever ( = at the time):

Have you ever been to Australia?

When people talk about their lives, they sometimes use never ( = not at any time):

I've never learnt French.


Note: that ever and never come before the past participle

Past Simple or Past Continuous

1.- Compare the Past Simple and the Past Continuous:


Past simple

He talked to her last week.
I didn't talk to her yesterday.
Did you talk to your sister?

2.- we use the Past Simple to talk about a complete action even in the past:


Last Saturday morning. Paul played football in the park.

Paul played football

Here are some more examples:

On Sunday I made a cake.
It rained a lot on Saturday morning.

Past Continuous

He was talking to her when I saw him.
I wasn't talking to anyone, I was watching the tv.
Were you talking to her before I came?

We use the Past Continuous to talk about an action that was in progress, when something else
happened:

Last Saturday, Paul was playing football in the park when he saw Jane

Paul was playing football
He saw Jane.

Here are some more examples:

The phone rang while I was making a cake.
It was raining when we left home.

In a story we often use the Past Continuousto say what was in progress, when something
happened:


The sun was shining. People were sitting under the trees or walking around the park.
Suddenly a car drove into the park ...........

Past Continuous

- We form the Past Continuous like this:


Positive

I/he/she/it ---> was
----> waiting
You/we/they ---> were


Negative Full Form

I/he/she/he/it ---> was not waiting
You/we/they ---> were not waiting
Short Form
I/he/she/it ---> wasn't waiting
You/we/they ---> weren't waiting

Questions

Was I/he/she/it
----> waiting?
Were You/we/they

2.- Look at this example: A: What were you doing at seven o' clock last night?
B: I was driving h
ome from work
Driving
-------------------->

6.30 7.00 7.15


I was living in Japan in 2001. ( I lived there from 1999 to 2003)


We use the Past Continuous for an action or situation that was in progress at a particular time
in the past ( e.g. at seven p.m., in 2001).

3.- Now look at this:

When Mary arrived, we were having dinner.

We use the Past Simple (arrived) for a completed action. We use Past Continuous
( were having) for an action in progress in the past.

4.- We can use when/while before the Past Continuous:

I met her when/while we were working for the same company. (when = during the time)

We can only use when ( not while) before the Past Simple:

When I met her, we were working for the same company. (when = at the time)



These songs were dedicated for my friend Mariano

Past Simple

1.- We form the past Simple of regular verbs by adding -ed to the verb:


walk ---> walked watch ---> watched
open ---> opened ask -----> asked

There are some exceptions:

----> verbs endiong with -e:

+d live ---> lived like ---> liked

----> verbs ending with a consonant and -y:

+ y ---> -ied apply ----> applied
try ------> tried

----> most verbs ending with one vowel and one consonant:

+p --->pped stop ----> stopped
plan ----> planned

2.- Many verbs have an irregular Past Simple form:

do --> did have --> had
take --> took buy --> bought
come --> came stand --> stood
find --> found ring ----> rang
go --> went say ----> said

3.- We form the negative with didn't and the infinitive (e.g. do, take, underestand):

I didn't understand. (Not didn't understood)

We form questions with did and the infinitive (e.g. watch):

Did you watch the film?

4.- We use the Present Simple to talk about an action or situation in the past which is finished. We often say when it happened (e.g. yesterday, last night):

Chris phoned me yesterday. He wanted to ask me something
Did you enjoy the concert last night?

5.- We can use the Past Simple with for to talk about something that continued for a period of time , ended in the past:

I lived in Rome for two years. Then I went to work in Japan.

past ---------------------> now

for 2 years



"The Reason"

I'm not a perfect person
There's many things I wish I didn't do
But I continue learning
I never meant to do those things to you
And so I have to say before I go
That I just want you to know

I've found out a reason for me
To change who I used to be
A reason to start over new
and the reason is you

I'm sorry that I hurt you
It's something I must live with everyday
And all the pain I put you through
I wish that I could take it all away
And be the one who catches all your tears
Thats why i need you to hear

I've found out a reason for me
To change who I used to be
A reason to start over new
and the reason is You

and the reason is You [x3]

I'm not a perfect person
I never meant to do those things to you
And so I have to say before I go
That I just want you to know

I've found out a reason for me
To change who I used to be
A reason to start over new
and the reason is you

I've found a reason to show
A side of me you didn't know
A reason for all that I do
And the reason is you

Be: Past Simple

1.- We form de the Past Simple of be like this:

Positive

Singular

I was
you were
he/she/it was

Plural

we/you/they were


Negative


Full form

Singular

I was not
you were not
he/she/it was not

Plural

we/you/ they were not

Short form

Singular

I wasn't
you weren't
he/she/it wasn't

Plural

we/you/they weren't.

Questions

Singular

Was I
Were you ---------------> right?
Was he/she /it

Plural

Were we/you/they -----> right?


Here are some examples with was and were:

I was in New York last week.
we were at home yesterday evening.
they weren't late this morning
Was it a good film?


2.- Look at these examples of how we use the Past Simple of be:


----> was/were + facts about the past:

John F. Kennedy was an American president.

Our first house was in the centre of town.

A: Were your answer correct?
B: No, they were all wrong!
Paula wasn't at the party.


----> was/were + place and time


+ Place + Time

We were in Spain in June.
She wasn't at home last night.

George and Joanna weren't in London at the weekend. They were in Brighton Steve and
Mary were here at six o' clock.


----> was/were + adjective (e.g. cold, tired):

It was cold yesterday
They were tired after the journey
The train was late again this morning


A: Were your exams easy?
B: The first exam was easy, but the second one wasn't.

Imperative

1. These are imperatives:

Go. Help. Come. Wait.

We use the imperative like this:

Come in¡ Have a cup of tea.
Turn left at the post office.
Don't touch¡ It's hot.

Note that sometimes the imperative is one word, but often give more information:

Help¡
Help me¡
Help me with my suitcase.

We can say please after an imperative to be more polite:

Help me with my suitcase, please.
Hurry up, please. We're late
Come here, please.
Listen to me, please.

2. We form the negative like this:

Don't be late
Don't forget your books¡
Don't wait for me.

We normally use the short form Don't

3. We use the imperative:

---> to give instructions:

Turn right at the corner.
Don't forget your passport

---> to give warnings:

Look out! There's a car coming.
Be careful! That box is very heavy.

---> to give advice:

Have a rest. You look tired
Take a coat. It's cold today.
Don't see that film. It's terrible!

---> to ask people to do things:

Come in please, and sit down.
Listen to this song. It's wonderful.
Pass the butter, please.

---> to make offers:

Have another orange juice.
Make yourself a cup of coffee.

---> to "wish" things:

Have a good trip!
Have a nice holiday!

Present Simple or Present Continuous

Compare the Present Simple and the Present Continuous:

1 we use the Present Simple to talk about facts (thing which are true at any time):

Anna speaks good Spanish.
Journalist write newspaper articles.
I come from Norway. (= I am Norwegian).

2 we use the Present Simple for situations that exist over a long time, and for actions that are repeated ( e.g. people's habits, or events on a timetable):

Mike works for an adversitising company.
He lives in Paris. (= His home is in Paris).

Past ----> now ----> future

He lives in Paris
<--------------------------->

Jane travels a lot in her job.
I do a lot of sport

we can use words like usually, often, every:

we usually go out to dinner at weekends
I often go to football matches on Sundays
The buses leave every hour

3 we use the Present Simple with thinking and feeling verbs ( e.g. know, forget, notice,
understand, recognise, remember, like, love, hate, want, prefer, need):

I don't know which train to catch.

4 we use have in the Present Simple to talk about possession:

I have a new car.

we use think in the Present Simple to express opinions:

I think she's interesting

we use the Present Continuous to talk about action in progress at the time of speaking:

Anna's busy. She's speaking on the phone.
what are you writting? - A letter to Jane.
Look¡ The bus is coming.

we use the Present Continuous for things that continue for a limited period of time around
now ( e.g. holidays, visits, temporary jobs, school or university courses):

Past ----> now ----> future

He's living in New York.

Jane's travelling around Europe for a month
I'm doing a one year course in tourism
we're painting that flat.

we do not usually use the Present Continuous with thinking and feeling verbs

Not: I'm knowing someone who lives in Venice

we use have and think in the Present Continuous to talk about actions:

I'm having fun
he can't come, he's having dinner at the moment.
I am thinking about my work